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''Hyoscyamus niger'', commonly known as henbane, black henbane or stinking nightshade, is a poisonous plant in the family ''Solanaceae'' that originated in Eurasia, though it is now globally distributed. ==Toxicity and historical usage== It was historically used in combination with other plants, such as mandrake, deadly nightshade, and datura as an anaesthetic potion, as well as for its psychoactive properties in "magic brews".〔 These psychoactive properties include visual hallucinations and a sensation of flight.〔Schultes & Smith 1976, p. 22〕 It was originally used in continental Europe, Asia, and the Arab world,〔Joseph Perez, Janet Lloyd, ''The Spanish Inquisition'', Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-11982-8, ISBN 978-0-300-11982-4, p229 footnote 10]〕 though it did spread to England in the Middle Ages. The use of henbane by the ancient Greeks was documented by Pliny. The plant, recorded as ''Herba Apollinaris'', was used to yield oracles by the priestesses of Apollo.〔 Recently evidence for its earlier use in the Scottish Neolithic has been debated.〔Black Henbane (''Hyoscyamus niger'' L.) in the Scottish Neolithic, Journal of Archaeological Science (1999) 26, 45–52〕 The name henbane dates at least to AD 1265. The origins of the word are unclear, but "hen" probably originally meant death rather than referring to chickens. Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant.〔 Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include hallucinations,〔 dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common symptoms, such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia, and ataxia, have all been noted. Henbane can be toxic, even fatal, to animals in low doses. Not all animals are susceptible; for example, the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including cabbage moths, eat henbane. It was sometimes one of the ingredients in gruit, traditionally used in beers as a flavouring. Several cities, most notable Pilsen, were named after its German name form "Bilsenkraut" in context of the production for beer flavouring. It fell out of usage for beer when it was replaced by hops in the 11th to 16th centuries, as the Bavarian Purity Law of 1516 outlawed ingredients other than barley, hops, yeast, and water. Henbane is thought to have been the "hebenon" poured into the ear of Hamlet's father,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?action=search&word=hebenon&resource=Webster%27s&quicksearch=on )〕 although other candidates for hebenon exist. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hyoscyamus niger」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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